"'[A] police officer's conduct in engaging a defendant in conversation in a public place and asking for identification does not, alone, raise the encounter to an investigative detention.'" ....
A person is seized if, when in an objective view of all the circumstances, a reasonable person would not have felt free to leave, decline to answer questions, or terminate the encounter with police. ....
There is no seizure when police ask questions of an individual as long as the officers do not convey that compliance with their requests is required. ..... In such a case, the encounter is consensual and no reasonable suspicion is required.
An encounter may lose its consensual nature and become a seizure for Fourth Amendment or article I, section 7 purposes if "'the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.'" ....
Examples of police showing authority include "'the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled.'" ... "If police unconstitutionally seize an individual prior to arrest, the exclusionary rule calls for suppression of evidence obtained via the government's illegality."
....Then, for no articulated reason, Larsen and Officer Wright drove in separate patrol vehicles toward Young. They stood approximately 5 feet from Young, each at 45-degree angles from her while her back was to a wall, and asked for the last four digits of her social security number. Young gave the officers the numbers, albeit in reverse order, and even opened her bag to show the officers she had not shoplifted. Yet the officers continued to watch Young as she walked away for a second time, and ran the social security number through a statewide warrant check.
These facts are insufficient to justify a Terry stop. There is no evidence in the record before us that the officers had any reason to suspect that Young was or would be engaged in criminal wrongdoing. The State could not articulate a basis for such suspicion during oral argument.
Any reasonable person in Young's position, with her back to a wall and police officers on either side of her, would not have felt free to walk away without first answering the officers'questions. ....
Officer Larsen testified that he was suspicious of Young because she was "awkward," had no identification, and walked behind a closed business while talking on a cell phone when he believed "most people" did not walk behind closed businesses and stand against a wall to speak on a cell phone. RP (June 3, 2010) at 21, 23. But
Washington law does not require Young to carry identification on her person at all times. Young may also walk on public roads, behind or in front of closed businesses at night, while talking on a cell phone on her way to see a friend. We find no authority holding that "awkward" behavior, alone, is sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion, let alone probable cause. .....
Larsen's mere suspicion of Young, wholly unsupported by articulable facts, is insufficient to justify seizing her. Terry, 392 U.S. at 21; Gatewood, 163 Wn.2d at 539. Neither does Larsen's testimony that Young's "evasive" attitude made him "suspicious" satisfy the "specific and articulable objective facts" requirement to support a reasonable suspicion that Young had been or was about to be involved in a crime.