These got me wondering. Can a LEO legally lie to you about having RAS or PC in order to get you to provide ID? They are legally allowed to to deceive during an investigation.
If ,as shown in twoskins' post,they must communicate the reason why they are asking for ID, could they not simply fabricate a reason that fit the situation and say that such a fabrication was used to further the investigation?
In all probability such a deception would go undiscovered since after getting what they wanted and seeing that the person is not wanted they would never file a report. No paperwork= No trail= No problem. Seems like another good reason for some type of audio/video recorder.
No, I don't believe a cop can legally lie about RAS in order to induce a person to show ID. The first SCOTUS case is
Brown v Texas. In so many words,
Brown says the cop must first have legal authority to detain someone before a statute compelling identity becomes operative. It hinges on the RAS angle of
Terry v Ohio. RAS is considered reasonable grounds for a cop to detain and investigate someone. Its the reasonableness. In Brown, the court considers it unreasonable to just allow cops to demand identity info based on hunches or arbitrary discretion, so the bar is set at RAS. So, the cop must actually have RAS, not a lie, in order for it to be legal. Now, he might lie to the detainee about the elements of the RAS he has; maybe only tell one piece of the RAS. Or, maybe invent a whole different RAS. But, he still genuinely has to have a real RAS in order to satisfy
Brown. Even if he keeps the real RAS to himself, he at least has to have it.
Regarding the aspect where a cop explains why the name is being sought, I'm not so sure that clause addresses our question here. You see,
Brown v Texas is a SCOTUS opinion and binding on all lower courts to my understanding. Meaning, the WV Court of Appeals could not undermine a SCOTUS opinion. So, the RAS angle from Brown would still apply--the cop would still genuinely needs RAS. Even if the cop considers it part of his official duties to thoroughly investigate the person, he still needs genuine RAS to seize the person in the first place before he can demand identity as far as we're concerned here in this discussion of Terry Stops. This clause may apply in other scenarios, for example, the cop is going to issue a citation for a more serious misdemeanor and the suspect refuses to identify himself. Or, maybe the person is a witness to a crime and the cop needs his identity in order to subpoena witnesses to trial. Or, maybe there is other WV case law that says identity refusal during a detention is obstruction, and this clause merely clarifies that earlier case. I don't quite take away from that clause that it is establishing for the first time that identity refusal during a detention is obstruction if the reason for the demand is explained.
Oh, I think it goes deeper than deception. I think some police in jurisdictions without statutory or case law authority have been demanding identity and receiving it for so long they've forgotten they don't have authority to make the demand. The big clue is the demand for an ID document.
Brown v Texas talks in terms of verbal identity.
Kolender v Lawson made it tricky for states to compel demanding an identity document. And,
Hiibel v 6th Judicial District Court talks in terms of verbal identity.
Kolendar combined with need to take into account whether a person even has ID on his person makes writing a stop-and-identify statute/ordinance a little tricky. I've only ever seen one or two that satisfied
Kolender and compelled giving an identity document. Yet, the first thing we too often hear from cops is some version of "I wanna see sum ID." Thus, we can immediately conclude too many cops are making demands for which they have no authority. I strongly suspect they've been doing it so long, they forgot they don't have authority. Probably because so many people don't know the law, and are afraid to take the chance that the cop's demand is legal and actionable if they do not comply.
Now, I don't know about y'all but I cannot keep up with a patchwork of local ordinances which can change with every city council meeting or county commissioners meeting. So, to play it safe, I will be handing over an identity document. First, I know I've got a very good chance that it is a demand with no authority because most stop-and-identify laws are limited by
Kolendar to verbal identity unless the law satisfies
Kolendar on the documentation. So, if the cop makes a demand for an identity document, right off the bat I've got another point for a formal complaint or lawsuit. Second, when I hand over the ID, I'll refuse consent as I am handing it over, meaning I'm only handing it over because of the demand made under color of law. After I do this, he had better have genuine RAS, or I've got another point for complaint or lawsuit. And, since it is my policy at a minimum to formally complain about any investigative encounter that involves my OCd gun, he's going to find out my name anyway when the complaint arrives.