The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by
Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a
Christian socialist, and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist
Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). The original "Pledge of Allegiance" was published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine
The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of
Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of
Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism by selling flags to public schools and magazines to students.[SUP]
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Bellamy's original Pledge read as follows:[SUP]
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I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words
equality and
fraternity[SUP]
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Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the "Youth's Companion" as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance along with the use of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and
President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations (this was issued as Presidential Proclamation 335). Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during
Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the
World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago,
Illinois.[SUP]
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